Picture

1

Video

No record

Today's Visitor

14

Number of Visitors

14

Introduction and history

The Berawan tribe, originally called Melawan, is one of the Dayak minority tribes that forms the Orang Ulu ethnic in Sarawak. The Berawan community originated from Baram District and are mostly in Tutoh and Tinjar areas. Every Berawan’s sub-language has different dialect, but they still have similarities in culture and beliefs in adet luneh, that is old custom.

Among the heritage still maintained are like traditional costume, handicraft and traditional dances. Songket textile and beads are compulsory to be owned by every Berawan family as both are important in their livelihood.

Functions and Roles

Male Costume:

There are a number of their traditional costumes that are matched with laket that is sirat or trousers. The three usually worn are laya, sipeng and baju betek. These three costumes have different functions and usually worn during, among them, wedding ceremony, receiving guests and festivities

Traditional Attire/ Accessories

Male Costume:

Laya: Made from animal hide like bear, and the like. Formerly, laya was usually worn by community heads. Nowadays, this costume is usually adorned in the Kanyat dance performance.

Sipeng: This is a shawl made from songket textile, worn at wedding ceremony in yesteryears. They wear two sipengs on the right and left shoulders respectively.

Baju Betek: It is also known as baju talam, has Orang Ulu motifs embroidered with beads. This costume has the rompi shirt concept where by it is sleeveless. In wedding ceremonies this costume is usually worn by the best-man. This costume is also often worn at official functions.

Laket: This is sirat functioning as trousers, in various types and patterns. Made from black cloth that measures up to four meters long.


Accessories of the Male Costume:

The accessories of the male costume of the Berawan tribe are not much different from the male accessories of other Orang Ulu tribes. Accessories listed below can be matched with the traditional costumes mentioned earlier: 

Pekah Laket: Worn on the head, of two types that are pekah tabutong and pekah wai. 

Pekah tabutong is made from rattan, beads, goat’s fur and bird feathers. There are Orang Ulu motifs at the front, like human head, and the like.

Pekah wai is more moderate, made fully from rattan and doesn’t have bead decoration. This accessory is often adorned at festivities and in receiving guests. There are those who place hornbill feathers at the back of the pekah.

Latai Talam: This is a chain necklace made of beads and longer than worn by the women. The pendant size is also bigger than those worn by the women.

Uton Takeng: This is a machete tied at the waist, has a cover made of a certain type of wood. On the outside of the cover there are carvings of Orang Ulu motifs. The machete’s tie is made of rattan woven finely. Uton takeng is usually adorn to complete a groom’s costume. It is also worn by male dancers in the Kanyat traditional dance performance.

Utap :  Also pronounced as otarp. This is a shield used in the olden days as a self-protection from enemy’s attack. Utap is made of a certain type of wood with the frontal part carved in Orang Ulu motifs. This accessory is also used in traditional dance performance.

Anyang/Tebero’: This is a spear formerly used to hunt animals. Anyang is also called tebero’. Nowadays, this accessory is seldom used; only in dance performance that requires this tool.

Geling Be’ti: This is a calf bracelet made from copper and silver. Nowadays, this bracelet is getting seldom adorn and it’s difficult to see again the tradition of wearing it.


Female Costume:

There are two types that are tepeng and tikeh.

Tepeng: This costume is equipped with one or two songket textile placed on the shoulder as shawl. Berawan women prefer songket or batek textiles that have moderate patterns and comfortable to wear.

Tikeh: This is a skirt made from black velvet material. This costume is decorated with motifs like flowers embroidered with beads and sequins. Deceased women are wrapped in tikeh.

According to beliefs, this costume can only be owned or adorned by Berawan women of higher social status. Nowadays, this costume can be worn by anybody.

To the Berawan community from Loagan Bunut and Long Teru, this costume is usually adorned by brides. The wearing of tikeh is matched with two songket textiles on the shoulder.

 

Accessories of the Female Costume:

The accessories of the Berawan females are not much different from that of the accessories of female costumes of other Orang Ulu tribes. All the accessories listed below can be matched with both tepeng and tikeh:

Pekah Dicu: This is a decoration for the head made from rattan and beads, with various patterns of Orang Ulu motifs. According to yesteryear beliefs, only those in the higher social status, or keta’oh, can wear pekah with motifs of human head. Children are discouraged to use the motif as this might weaken their spirit.

At the side part of pekah dicu there are other decorations pasted or sewn to give it a pull factor. Ce’k is an accessory made from goat’s fur and decorated with various colours.

The attached picture shows pekah dicu with human head motif pasted with ce’k.

Cang Aneng: This is a copper earring. In yesteryears, the beauty of Orang Ulu women was seen via the measurement of their ear lobes. Copper earrings are used to help lengthen their ear lobes. However, nowadays, to maintain the tradition they usually wear false ear lobes and wear earrings made from lighter wood.

Latai Talam: This is a bead chain as accessory for the neck, and one of the heritages inherited from their ancestors and passed down to future generations. This accessory is an emblem to a family’s status. The arrangement, quality and colour of beads mirror the wearer’s status.

Sipeng: This is a shawl placed on the shoulder. There are two types that are sipeng likung (cloth shawl) made from songket textile, and sipeng talam (bead shawl). Earlier on, the Berawan community used shawl made from songket textile.

The wearing of both sipeng is different for both tepeng and tikeh costumes. One or two sipeng s can be worn for tepeng. If only one is worn then it should be placed on the right shoulder. Two sipengs should be worn for tikeh.

Geling Tusu: This bracelet is made from copper and silver. Normally, Berawan women wear a pair of bracelets on both arms.

Taleh I’eng: This is a belt in various forms. There are also that are made from silver and beads.


Reference Source

Metcalf, Peter A., Who are the Berawan. Oceania (1976).

Location

Informant/Figure/Editor/Researcher
  • Jabatan Kebudayaan dan Kesenian Negara, Negeri Sarawak,
  • Tingkat 5, Bangunan Sultan Iskandar, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93000 Kuching Sarawak
  • +6082-422006
  • -
Get Directions

State JKKN Contact Information

Encik Boniface Anak Babai

Cultural Officer

Jabatan Kebudayaan dan Kesenian Negara, Sarawak
Tingkat 5 Bangunan Sultan Iskandar, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93000, Kuching, SARAWAK

019-2399682/082-422006

or

Use the form below to contact the Informant/Figure/Editor/Researcher directly. We will respond to your inquiry as soon as possible!