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MUZIK KERONCONG DI MELAKA
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Introduction and history
Keroncong music is a traditional music genre originating from Indonesia and has gained significant recognition in Malaysian musical culture. It blends elements of traditional Malay music with influences from Portuguese music. Known for its soft rhythms and soothing melodies, keroncong incorporates specific instruments that give it a distinctive character. Keroncong is an important part of Malaysia's rich musical heritage, particularly among the Baba Nyonya and Kristang communities.
Origins of Keroncong Music
Keroncong music has deep cultural roots and a long history, especially in the Nusantara region. In Melaka, keroncong developed alongside cultural and historical influences, particularly from the Portuguese, as well as interactions with local cultures.
Keroncong is believed to have originated in Indonesia, particularly among the Javanese community, but it was influenced by Portuguese music introduced by colonizers in the 16th century. Traditional Portuguese music, such as fado and modinha, was introduced to the local community in Melaka during the Portuguese colonial period (1511–1641). Instruments like the small guitar (cavaquinho) and melancholic Portuguese melodies evolved into what is now known as keroncong.
Keroncong music in Melaka plays a significant role in society, particularly in cultural, artistic, and social aspects. Its purpose goes beyond mere entertainment; it is an integral part of cultural identity and serves as a medium for conveying traditional values. Below are the primary functions of keroncong music in Melaka:
1. As Traditional Entertainment
o Keroncong music was a primary source of entertainment in the past, especially among the Malay, Baba Nyonya, and other communities in Melaka.
o Keroncong performances were often played during weddings, celebrations, and casual gatherings to entertain guests.
o Its soft and melancholic rhythms make it suitable for various settings, including formal and informal events.
2. Cultural Heritage and Identity
o Keroncong music is a way for the Melaka community to preserve their cultural heritage.
o It reflects the assimilation of Portuguese, Malay, and Javanese cultures, making it a symbol of Melaka's unique cultural diversity.
o Through its lyrics and melodies, keroncong preserves elements of classical Malay language and traditional pantun (poetry), rich in aesthetic values and wisdom.
3. A Medium for Conveying Values and Education
o The lyrics of keroncong songs often carry messages of advice, lessons, and life values, such as love for family, religious teachings, and appreciation for nature's beauty.
o In traditional societies, keroncong music served as a tool to educate the younger generation about etiquette, morality, and history through art.
4. Accompaniment for Traditional Ceremonies
o In traditional Malay weddings, keroncong music is often played in the background to create a lively yet relaxed atmosphere.
o It is also used in cultural and ceremonial events, such as state celebrations, festivals, and official functions.
The attire worn by keroncong musicians in Melaka reflects the elegance and uniqueness of local culture while retaining traditional elements that align with the music itself.
1. Kebaya and Baju Kurung
• For Women:
o Usually wear kebaya or baju kurung. The kebaya is often adorned with embroidery and paired with batik or songket.
o Nyonya kebaya is also popular, especially among the Baba Nyonya community in Melaka, featuring colorful patterns and intricate embroidery.
o Accessories such as brooches (kerongsang), necklaces, and earrings complete the look.
• For Men:
o Wear the complete Baju Melayu with a samping (traditional woven cloth wrapped around the waist) and a songkok or tanjak (traditional headgear).
o The Baju Melayu is often paired with a samping featuring songket or traditional woven patterns.
2. Batik
• Both men and women may choose outfits made from batik fabric, known for its intricate patterns and vibrant colors.
• Wearing batik symbolizes the rich artistic and cultural heritage of the Nusantara region, including Melaka.
3. Musical Instruments and Accessories
• Musicians playing instruments like guitars, ukuleles, or violins may add traditional touches to their instruments, such as batik designs or carvings.
4. Colors and Patterns
• Colors are usually cheerful and vibrant, reflecting the lively atmosphere of keroncong music.
• Traditional patterns, such as flowers, clouds, and nature motifs, are commonly featured in their attire.
5. Traditional Footwear
• Women: Wear beaded or embroidered shoes often paired with Nyonya kebaya.
• Men: Wear traditional shoes or sandals that complement their Baju Melayu.
6. Modern Concepts in Attire
• To attract younger audiences, some keroncong groups may opt for outfits that combine traditional and modern elements, such as contemporary designs of baju kurung or kebaya.
• For formal events or performances before dignitaries, musicians often wear full traditional attire like kebaya or Baju Melayu.
Keroncong music in Melaka incorporates various traditional instruments that reflect local and external cultural influences. These instruments create harmonious melodies and rhythms, giving keroncong its unique identity.
Instruments Used in Keroncong
1. Acoustic Guitar:
o Forms the backbone of keroncong music, providing the basic rhythm and accompanying melodies.
o Guitarists typically use soft plucking techniques that complement keroncong's melancholic nature.
2. Ukulele (Cuk and Cak):
o Cuk: Produces lower notes (minor chords) with gentle plucking.
o Cak: Produces higher notes with fast strumming techniques.
o These instruments give keroncong its cheerful and dynamic rhythm.
3. Violin:
o Often used to play the main melody in keroncong music.
o Adds emotional depth and melodic beauty to the performance.
4. Bamboo Flute:
o Produces soft, melancholic sounds that enhance keroncong's harmonious atmosphere.
o The flute provides additional melodic layers and strengthens the song's theme.
5. Double Bass or Acoustic Bass:
o Provides stable low tones to reinforce rhythm and harmony.
o Helps maintain the musical structure and balance of the performance.
6. Rebana and Drums:
o Provide the foundational rhythm to support the melody.
o The beats are typically soft and steady, matching keroncong's relaxed style.
7. Optional Instruments:
o Mandolin: Occasionally used to add melodic variety.
o Keyboard or Piano: Used in modern performances to complement or substitute traditional instruments.
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Reference Source
i. Bahan Bacaan
Ghazal, Keroncong dan Asli: Muzik Melayu Warisan Nusantara. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1993.
The Sounds of the Indonesian Archipelago. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Folkways, 1991.
J. Joseph & A. Mansor. Sejarah Muzik Tradisional Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 1997.
Location
State JKKN Contact Information
Nur Al-Farani binti Rosli
Cultural Officer
Jabatan Kebudayaan dan Kesenian Negara, Melaka
Kompleks JKKN Melaka
Hang Tuah Jaya, Lebuh Ayer Keroh,
75450 MELAKA
06 - 763 6308
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